The common bunion is a localized area of enlargement of the inner portion of the joint at the base of the big toe. The enlargement actually represents a misalignment of the big toe joint (metatarsal phalangeal joint) and, in some cases, additional bone formation. The misalignment causes the big toe to point outward (medically termed hallux valgus deformity) toward the smaller toes. This deformity is progressive and will increase with time. The enlarged joint at the base of the big toe (the first metatarsophalangeal joint, or MTP joint) can become inflamed with redness, tenderness, and pain. A small fluid-filled sac (bursa) adjacent to the joint can also become inflamed (bursitis), leading to additional swelling, redness, and pain. A more deep joint pain may occur as localized arthritis develops in later stages of the deformity.

A less common bunion is located at the joint at the base of the smallest (fifth) toe. This bunion is sometimes referred to as a tailor's bunion or bunionette.

• Ill fitting shoes. It has been suggested that tight-fitting shoes, especially high-heel and narrow-toed shoes, might increase the risk for bunion formation. Complaints of bunions are reported to be more prevalent in people who wear shoes than in barefoot people.
• Congenital deformity at birth. Abnormal formation of the bones of the foot at birth (congenital) and arthritic diseases such as rhuematoid arthritis.
• Repetitive stresses. Repetititive stress to the foot can lead to bunion formation. Bunions are common in ballet dancers.

• Custom Orthotics. Custom orthotic devices improve foot function
• Modified Shoes. Shoes with a large toe box put less pressure on the toe.
• The application of cold pack or ice is another conservative treatment we provide.